Common Hippo Vs Pygmy Hippo Common Hippo Vs Pygmy Hippo Baby

Modest species of hippopotamus from W Africa

Pygmy hippopotamus
A pygmy hippopotamus at Bristol Zoo
Conservation status
Endangered (IUCN 3.i)[1]
CITES Appendix Ii (CITES)[2]
Scientific nomenclature
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Form:	Mammalia
Order:	Artiodactyla
Family:	Hippopotamidae
Subfamily:	Hippopotaminae
Genus:	Choeropsis Leidy, 1853
Species:	C. liberiensis
Binomial proper noun
Choeropsis liberiensis (Morton, 1849)[3]
Subspecies
C. fifty. liberiensis C. l. heslopi
Range map[ane]
Synonyms[i]
Hexaprotodon liberiensis

The pygmy hippopotamus (Choeropsis liberiensis) is a small hippopotamid which is native to the forests and swamps of Due west Africa, primarily in Liberia, with minor populations in Sierra Leone, Guinea, and Ivory Coast. It has been extirpated from Nigeria.^[1]

The pygmy hippo is reclusive and nocturnal. Information technology is one of simply ii extant species in the family Hippopotamidae, the other existence its much larger relative, the common hippopotamus (Hippopotamus amphibius) or Nile hippopotamus. The pygmy hippopotamus displays many terrestrial adaptations, just like the hippo, it is semiaquatic and relies on h2o to keep its skin moist and its body temperature absurd. Behaviors such as mating and giving birth may occur in water or on land. The pygmy hippo is herbivorous, feeding on ferns, broad-leaved plants, grasses, and fruits it finds in the forests.

A rare nocturnal forest fauna, the pygmy hippopotamus is a difficult animal to study in the wild. Pygmy hippos were unknown outside West Africa until the 19th century. Introduced to zoos in the early 20th century, they breed well in captivity and the vast bulk of inquiry is derived from zoo specimens.^[4] The survival of the species in captivity is more than assured than in the wild; in a 2015 assessment, the International Union for Conservation of Nature estimated that fewer than 2,500 pygmy hippos remain in the wild.^[1]

Pygmy hippos are primarily threatened by loss of habitat, as forests are logged and converted to subcontract state, and are likewise vulnerable to poaching, hunting for bushmeat, natural predators, and war. Pygmy hippos are among the species illegally hunted for food in Liberia.

Taxonomy and origins [edit]

Nomenclature of the pygmy hippopotamus reflects that of the hippopotamus; the plural class is pygmy hippopotamuses or pygmy hippopotami.^[5] A male person pygmy hippopotamus is known every bit a bull, a female as a cow, and a baby as a calf. A group of hippopotami is known as a herd or a bloat.^[half-dozen]

The pygmy hippopotamus is a member of the family Hippopotamidae where information technology is classified as a member of the genus Choeropsis ("resembling a pig"). Members of Hippopotamidae are sometimes known as hippopotamids. Sometimes the sub-family unit Hippopotaminae is used. Further, some taxonomists group hippopotami and anthracotheres in the superfamily Anthracotheroidea or Hippopotamoidea.

A sister species of the pygmy hippopotamus may have been the piddling-studied Malagasy pygmy hippopotamus (Hippopotamus madagascariensis), one of three recently extinct species from Madagascar. H. madagascariensis was the same size equally C. liberiensis and shared its terrestrial behavior, inhabiting the forested highlands of Madagascar, rather than open up rivers. Information technology is believed to accept gone extinct within the last 500 years.^{[7] [8] [9]}

The taxonomy of the genus of the pygmy hippopotamus has changed every bit agreement of the animal has developed.^{[i] [10] [11] [12]} Samuel One thousand. Morton initially classified the fauna as Hippopotamus minor, just later adamant it was distinct plenty to warrant its own genus, and labeled it Choeropsis. In 1977, Shirley C. Coryndon proposed that the pygmy hippopotamus was closely related to Hexaprotodon, a genus that consisted of prehistoric hippos mostly native to Asia.^[13]

This assertion was widely accepted,^{[1] [x] [11] [12]} until Boisserie asserted in 2005 that the pygmy hippopotamus was non a fellow member of Hexaprotodon, after a thorough examination of the phylogeny of Hippopotamidae. He suggested instead that the pygmy hippopotamus was a distinct genus, and returned the animal to Choeropsis.^{[10] [fourteen] [15]} ITIS verifies Hexaprotodon liberiensis as the valid scientific proper name.^[sixteen] All concord that the modern pygmy hippopotamus, exist it H. liberiensis or C. liberiensis, is the only extant fellow member of its genus.^{[10] [xiii]} The American Gild of Mammalogists moved information technology back to Choeropsis in 2021,^[3] a motility supported by the IUCN.^[one]

Nigerian subspecies [edit]

A distinct subspecies of pygmy hippopotamus existed in Nigeria until at least the 20th century, though the validity of this has been questioned.^[1] The being of the subspecies, makes Choeropsis liberiensis liberiensis (or Hexaprotodon liberiensis liberiensis under the one-time classification) the full trinomial nomenclature for the Liberian pygmy hippopotamus. The Nigerian pygmy hippopotamus was never studied in the wild and never captured. All enquiry and all zoo specimens are the Liberian subspecies. The Nigerian subspecies is classified as C. liberiensis heslopi.^[11]

The Nigerian pygmy hippopotamus ranged in the Niger River Delta, especially well-nigh Port Harcourt, but no reliable reports exist after the collection of the museum specimens secured past I. R. P. Heslop, a British colonial officer, in the early 1940s. It is probably extinct.^[1] The subspecies is separated by over 1,800 km (1,100 mi) and the Dahomey Gap, a region of savanna that divides the forest regions of West Africa. The subspecies is named after I. R. P. Heslop, who claimed in 1945 to accept shot a pygmy hippo in the Niger Delta region and nerveless several skulls. He estimated that perhaps no more than than xxx pygmy hippos remained in the region.^[17]

Heslop reportedly sent four pygmy hippopotamus skulls he nerveless to the British Museum of Natural History in London. These specimens were not subjected to taxonomic evaluation, nevertheless, until 1969 when Yard. B. Corbet classified the skulls as belonging to a split subspecies based on consequent variations in the proportions of the skulls.^[eighteen] The Nigerian pygmy hippos were seen or shot in Rivers Country, Imo State and Bayelsa Country, Nigeria. While some local populations are aware that the species one time existed, its history in the region is poorly documented.^[eleven]

Development [edit]

The evolution of the pygmy hippopotamus is most often studied in the context of its larger cousin. Both species were long believed to be almost closely related to the family Suidae (pigs and hogs) or Tayassuidae (peccaries), simply research within the last 10 years has adamant that pygmy hippos and hippos are most closely related to cetaceans (whales and dolphins). Hippos and whales shared a common semi-aquatic ancestor that branched off from other artiodactyls around 60 mya.^{[19] [20]}

This hypothesized ancestor probable split into two branches about six million years later.^[21] One branch would evolve into cetaceans, the other co-operative became the anthracotheres, a large family of four-legged beasts, whose earliest member, from the Late Eocene, would have resembled narrow hippopotami with comparatively small-scale and thin heads.^[14]

Hippopotamids are deeply nested within the family Anthracotheriidae. The oldest known hippopotamid is the genus Kenyapotamus, which lived in Africa from 16 to eight mya. Kenyapotamus is known just through fragmentary fossils, only was similar in size to C. liberiensis.^[15] The Hippopotamidae are believed to have evolved in Africa, and while at one point the species spread across Asia and Europe, no hippopotami have e'er been discovered in the Americas. Starting 7.5 to 1.8 mya the Archaeopotamus, likely ancestors to the genus Hippopotamus and Hexaprotodon, lived in Africa and the Middle East.^[x]

While the fossil tape of hippos is withal poorly understood, the lineages of the two modern genera, Hippopotamus and Choeropsis, may have diverged as far dorsum every bit eight mya. The ancestral form of the pygmy hippopotamus may be the genus Saotherium. Saotherium and Choeropsis are significantly more basal than Hippopotamus and Hexaprotodon, and thus more than closely resemble the ancestral species of hippos.^{[10] [xv]}

Extinct pygmy and dwarf hippos [edit]

Several species of small-scale hippopotamids take besides go extinct in the Mediterranean in the late Pleistocene or early on Holocene. Though these species are sometimes known equally "pygmy hippopotami" they are non believed to exist closely related to C. liberiensis. These include the Cretan dwarf hippopotamus (Hippopotamus creutzburgi), the Sicilian hippopotamus (Hippopotamus pentlandi), the Maltese hippopotamus (Hippopotamus melitensis) and the Cyprus dwarf hippopotamus (Hippopotamus small).^[22]

These species, though comparable in size to the pygmy hippopotamus, are considered dwarf hippopotamuses, rather than pygmies. They are likely descended from a full-sized species of European hippopotamus, and reached their small size through the evolutionary process of insular dwarfism which is common on islands; the ancestors of pygmy hippopotami were as well small and thus there was never a dwarfing procedure.^[22] There were too several species of pygmy hippo on the isle of Madagascar (run across Malagasy hippopotamus).

Description [edit]

Pygmy hippos share the same general form as a hippopotamus. They take a graviportal skeleton, with 4 chubby legs and four toes on each human foot, supporting a portly frame. The pygmy hippo, however, is only one-half every bit tall every bit the hippopotamus and weighs less than 1/4 as much as its larger cousin. Developed pygmy hippos stand up about 75–100 cm (2.46–3.28 ft) high at the shoulder, are 150–175 cm (4.92–5.74 ft) in length and weigh 180–275 kg (397–606 lb).^[23] Their lifespan in captivity ranges from 30 to 55 years, though it is unlikely that they live this long in the wild.^{[11] [24]}

The peel is greenish-black or chocolate-brown, shading to a creamy grayness on the lower body. Their skin is very similar to the mutual hippo's, with a thin epidermis over a dermis that is several centimeters thick. Pygmy hippos have the same unusual secretion as mutual hippos, that gives a pinkish tinge to their bodies, and is sometimes described every bit "blood sweat" though the secretion is neither sweat nor blood. This substance, hipposudoric acrid, is believed to have antiseptic and sunscreening backdrop. The skin of hippos dries out quickly and cracks, which is why both species spend so much time in water.^[11]

The skeleton of C. liberiensis is more gracile than that of the common hippopotamus, meaning their basic are proportionally thinner. The mutual hippo's spine is parallel with the footing; the pygmy hippo's back slopes forward, a likely adaptation to pass more hands through dense forest vegetation. Proportionally, the pygmy hippo's legs and neck are longer and its caput smaller.^[24]

The orbits and nostrils of a pygmy hippo are much less pronounced, an adaptation from spending less fourth dimension in deep water (where pronounced orbits and nostrils help the common hippo exhale and see). The feet of pygmy hippos are narrower, but the toes are more than spread out and take less webbing, to assist in walking on the forest floor.^[24]

Despite adaptations to a more terrestrial life than the common hippopotamus, pygmy hippos are still more aquatic than all other even-toed ungulates. The ears and nostrils of pygmy hippos take potent muscular valves to aid submerging underwater, and the skin physiology is dependent on the availability of water.^{[11] [12]}

Behavior [edit]

The behavior of the pygmy hippo differs from the common hippo in many ways. Much of its beliefs is more similar to that of a tapir, though this is an effect of convergent evolution.^[12] While the mutual hippopotamus is gregarious, pygmy hippos alive either solitary or in pocket-sized groups, typically a mated pair or a female parent and calf. Pygmy hippos tend to ignore each other rather than fight when they run across. Field studies have estimated that male pygmy hippos range over 1.85 km^two (460 acres), while the range of a female person is 0.4 to 0.vi km² (100–150 acres).^[xi]

Pygmy hippos spend most of the day hidden in rivers. They will residuum in the aforementioned spot for several days in a row, before moving to a new spot. At to the lowest degree some pygmy hippos brand use of dens or burrows that form in river banks. It is unknown if the pygmy hippos aid create these dens, or how common it is to use them. Though a pygmy hippo has never been observed burrowing, other artiodactyls, such as warthogs, are burrowers.^[xi]

Diet [edit]

Like the mutual hippopotamus, the pygmy hippo emerges from the water at dusk to feed. It relies on game trails to travel through dense forest vegetation. Information technology marks trails by vigorously waving its tail while defecating to further spread its carrion. The pygmy hippo spends nearly half dozen hours a day foraging for food.^[11]

Pygmy hippos are herbivorous. They exercise non eat aquatic vegetation to a pregnant extent and rarely swallow grass because it is uncommon in the thick forests they inhabit. The majority of a pygmy hippo's diet consists of ferns, broad-leaved plants and fruits that have fallen to the forest floor. The broad diversity of plants pygmy hippos have been observed eating suggests that they will eat whatever plants bachelor. This nutrition is of college quality than that of the common hippopotamus.^[xi]

Reproduction [edit]

Female parent and child taking a bath at Lisbon Zoo

A study of breeding behavior in the wild has never been conducted; the artificial conditions of captivity may cause the observed behavior of pygmy hippos in zoos to differ from natural conditions. Sexual maturity for the pygmy hippopotamus occurs betwixt three and 5 years of age.^[12] The youngest reported historic period for giving nascence is a pygmy hippo in the Zoo Basel, Switzerland which bore a calf at 3 years and three months.^[eleven] The oestrus cycle of a female person pygmy hippo lasts an average of 35.v days, with the rut itself lasting between 24 and 48 hours.^{[i] [25]}

Pygmy hippos consort for mating, but the duration of the relationship is unknown. In zoos they brood equally monogamous pairs. Copulation tin can take place on state or in the water, and a pair will mate one to four times during an oestrus period. In captivity, pygmy hippos have been conceived and born in all months of the year.^[12] The gestation catamenia ranges from 190 to 210 days, and commonly a single young is born, though twins are known to occur.^[11]

The common hippopotamus gives birth and mates only in the water, but pygmy hippos mate and requite birth on both land and water. Young pygmy hippos can swim most immediately. At birth, pygmy hippos weigh iv.5–6.2 kg (9.9–13.7 lb) with males weighing about 0.25 kg (0.55 lb) more than females. Pygmy hippos are fully weaned betwixt 6 and eight months of age; before weaning they do non back-trail their female parent when she leaves the water to forage, only instead hibernate in the water by themselves. The female parent returns to the hiding spot nearly three times a mean solar day and calls out for the calf to suckle. Suckling occurs with the mother lying on her side.^[11]

Conservation [edit]

Pair at the Mountain Republic of kenya Wild fauna Conservancy

The greatest threat to the remaining pygmy hippopotamus population in the wild is loss of habitat. The forests in which pygmy hippos alive have been subject to logging, settling and conversion to agriculture, with piddling efforts fabricated to brand logging sustainable. As forests shrink, the populations become more than fragmented, leading to less genetic variety in the potential mating pool.^[1]

Pygmy hippos are among the species illegally hunted for food in Liberia.^[26] Their meat is said to be of excellent quality, like that of a wild boar; unlike those of the common hippo, the pygmy hippo'south teeth have no value.^[12] The effects of Westward Africa's ceremonious strife on the pygmy hippopotamus are unknown, just unlikely to be positive.^[1] The pygmy hippopotamus can be killed by leopards, pythons and crocodiles. How often this occurs is unknown.^[11]

C. liberiensis was identified as i of the pinnacle x "focal species" in 2007 past the Evolutionarily Distinct and Globally Endangered (EDGE) project.^[27] Some populations inhabit protected areas, such equally the Gola Forest Reserve in Sierra Leone.^[28]

Basel Zoo in Switzerland holds the international studbook and coordinates the entire captive pygmy hippo population that freely breeds in zoos effectually the world. Betwixt 1970 and 1991 the population of pygmy hippos born in captivity more than doubled. The survival of the species in zoos is more than certain than the survival of the species in the wild.^{[17] [24]} In captivity, the pygmy hippo lives from 42 to 55 years, longer than in the wild.^[eleven] Since 1919, only 41 pct of pygmy hippos born in zoos accept been male.^[25]

History and folklore [edit]

Pair at the Mount Kenya Wild animals Salvation

While the common hippopotamus was known to Europeans since classical antiquity, the pygmy hippopotamus was unknown exterior its range in W Africa until the 19th century. Due to their nocturnal, forested beingness, they were poorly known within their range as well. In Liberia the animal was traditionally known as a water moo-cow.^[12]

Early field reports of the fauna misidentified it as a wild pig. Several skulls of the species were sent to the American natural scientist Samuel Chiliad. Morton, during his residency in Monrovia, Liberia. Morton commencement described the species in 1843. The first consummate specimens were collected as part of a comprehensive investigation of Liberian beast in the 1870s and 1880s by Dr. Johann Büttikofer. The specimens were taken to the Natural History Museum in Leiden, The Netherlands.^[12]

The offset pygmy hippo was brought to Europe in 1873 after being captured in Sierra Leone by a member of the British Colonial Service but died shortly after arrival. Pygmy hippos were successfully introduced to Europe in 1911. They were first shipped to Germany and and then to the Bronx Zoo in New York City where they also thrived.^{[11] [12]}

In 1927, Harvey Firestone of Firestone Tires presented Billy the pygmy hippo to U.Due south. President Calvin Coolidge. Coolidge donated Billy to the National Zoo in Washington, D.C. According to the zoo, Billy is a common ancestor to most pygmy hippos in U.S. zoos today.^{[24] [29]}

Several folktales take been collected about the pygmy hippopotamus. One tale says that pygmy hippos comport a shining diamond in their mouths to help travel through thick forests at night; by twenty-four hour period the pygmy hippo has a secret hiding identify for the diamond, simply if a hunter catches a pygmy hippo at night the diamond can be taken. Villagers sometimes believed that baby pygmy hippos do not nurse merely rather lick secretions off the skin of the female parent.^[12]

References [edit]

1. ^ ^{a b c d e f yard h i j k l m} Bribe, C.; Robinson, P.T.; Collen, B. (2015). "Choeropsis liberiensis". IUCN Red Listing of Threatened Species. 2015: e.T10032A18567171. doi:x.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-2.RLTS.T10032A18567171.en . Retrieved 27 August 2021.
2. ^ "Appendices | CITES". cites.org . Retrieved 2022-01-xiv .
3. ^ ^{a b} "Choeropsis liberiensis". ASM Mammal Diversity Database. 1.5. American Lodge of Mammalogists. Retrieved 26 August 2021.
4. ^ Stroman, H. R.; Slaughter, L. M. (January 1972). "The care and convenance of the Pygmy hippopotamus (Choeropsis liberiensis) in captivity". International Zoo Yearbook. 12 (1): 126–131. doi:10.1111/j.1748-1090.1972.tb02296.10.
5. ^ "Hippopotamus".
6. ^ List of animate being names
7. ^ Harris, J.M. (1991). "Family Hippopotamidae". Koobi Fora Research Project. Vol. 3. The Fossil Ungulates: Geology, Fossil Artiodactyls and Paleoenvironments. Clarendon Press, Oxford: 31–85.
8. ^ Oliver, West.L.R. (1995). "Taxonomy and Conservation Status of the Suiformes — an Overview" (PDF). IBEX Journal of Mountain Environmental. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-07-05.
9. ^ Boisserie, J.-R. (2016). "Hippopotamus madagascariensis". IUCN Ruddy Listing of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T40783A90128828. doi:ten.2305/IUCN.U.k..2016-ane.RLTS.T40783A90128828.en . Retrieved 11 November 2021.
10. ^ ^{a b c d eastward f} Boisserie, Jean-Renaud (2005). "The phylogeny and taxonomy of Hippopotamidae (Mammalia: Artiodactyla): a review based on morphology and cladistic assay". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 143: 1–26. doi:x.1111/j.1096-3642.2004.00138.10.
11. ^ ^{a b c d e f m h i j k l 1000 n o p q} Eltringham, South. Keith (1999). The Hippos. London: Academic Printing. ISBN978-0-85661-131-5.
12. ^ ^{a b c d east f g h i j k} Robinson, Phillip T. River Horses and H2o Cows Archived 2009-03-26 at the Wayback Machine. Hippo Specialist Group of the Globe Conservation Spousal relationship Archived 2007-07-17 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved on 2007-07-30.
13. ^ ^{a b} Coryndon, Shirley C. (1977). "The taxonomy and classification of the Hippopotamidae (Mammalia, Artiodactyla) and a description of two new fossil species". Proceedings of the Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie van Wetenschappen. 80 (2): 61–88.
14. ^ ^{a b} Boisserie, Jean-Renaud; Fabrice Lihoreau; Michel Brunet (February 2005). "The position of Hippopotamidae inside Cetartiodactyla". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 102 (five): 1537–1541. Bibcode:2005PNAS..102.1537B. doi:10.1073/pnas.0409518102. PMC547867. PMID 15677331.
15. ^ ^{a b c} Boisserie, Jean-Renaud; Fabrice Lihoreau; Michel Brunet (March 2005). "Origins of Hippopotamidae (Mammalia, Cetartiodactyla): towards resolution". Zoologica Scripta. 34 (2): 119–143. doi:x.1111/j.1463-6409.2005.00183.x. S2CID 83768668.
16. ^ "ITIS Standard Written report Page: Hexaprotodon liberiensis". world wide web.itis.gov . Retrieved 7 December 2020.
17. ^ ^{a b} Eltringham, S. Keith (1993). "Pigs, Peccaries and Hippos Status Survey and Action Plan". World Conservation Union status survey. Archived from the original on 2008-01-05. Retrieved 2008-08-23 .
18. ^ Corbet, Yard. B. (1969). "The taxonomic condition of the pygmy hippopotamus, Choeropsis liberiensis, from the Niger Delta". Periodical of Zoology. 158 (3): 387–394. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1969.tb02156.10.
19. ^ "Scientists discover missing link between the dolphin, whale and its closest relative, the hippo". Science News Daily. 2005-01-25. Archived from the original on 2007-03-04. Retrieved 2008-08-23 .
20. ^ Gatesy, J (one May 1997). "More than Deoxyribonucleic acid support for a Cetacea/Hippopotamidae clade: the blood-clotting protein gene gamma-fibrinogen". Molecular Biology and Evolution. fourteen (five): 537–543. doi:ten.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a025790. PMID 9159931.
21. ^ Ursing, B.M.; U. Arnason (1998). "Analyses of mitochondrial genomes strongly back up a hippopotamus-whale clade". Proceedings of the Royal Gild. 265 (1412): 2251–5. doi:10.1098/rspb.1998.0567. PMC1689531. PMID 9881471.
22. ^ ^{a b} Petronio, C. (1995). "Note on the taxonomy of Pleistocene hippopotamuses" (PDF). Ibex. 3: 53–55. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-09-12. Retrieved 2008-08-23 .
23. ^ Macdonald, D. (2001). The New Encyclopedia of Mammals. Oxford University Press, Oxford. ISBN978-0198508236.
24. ^ ^{a b c d e} "Pygmy Hippo fact sheet". National Zoological Park. Archived from the original on 2008-08-25. Retrieved 2008-08-23 .
25. ^ ^{a b} Zschokke, Samuel (2002). "Distorted Sex activity Ratio at Birth in the Convict Pygmy Hippopotamus, Hexaprotodon Liberiensis". Periodical of Mammalogy. 83 (three): 674–681. doi:ten.1644/1545-1542(2002)083<0674:DSRABI>2.0.CO;ii.
26. ^ Look, Anne (eight May 2012). "Poaching in Liberia'southward Forests Threatens Rare Animals". Voice of America. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 5 November 2014.
27. ^ "Protection for 'weirdest' species". BBC. 2007-01-16. Retrieved 2008-08-23 .
28. ^ Administrator. "Gola Forest Reserve". Visit Sierra Leone. Archived from the original on 2010-03-08.
29. ^ Jablonski, Nina Chiliad. (2004). "The hippo's tale: how the beefcake and physiology of Belatedly Neogene Hexaprotodon shed calorie-free on Late Neogene environmental alter". Fourth International. 117 (i): 119–123. Bibcode:2004QuInt.117..119J. doi:10.1016/S1040-6182(03)00121-6.

External links [edit]

• Videos of Pygmy Hippos at Arkive.org
• Pygmy hippo defenseless on photographic camera in Liberia (video), BBC News 2011-12-19
• Rare pygmy hippos caught on film, BBC News 2008-03-10
  • Camera trap results, Sapo National Park, Republic of liberia, Zoological Social club of London (Edge of Existence Programme). ten March 2008. Beginning reports showing Pygmy Hippos in wild, surviving Liberian Ceremonious War.
  • Pygmy hippos survive two civil wars, Zoological Society of London Press Release, x March 2008.
• EDGE of Being "(Pygmy hippo)", Saving the World's virtually Evolutionarily Singled-out and Globally Endangered (Edge) species

cochraneponjuseme.blogspot.com

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pygmy_hippopotamus

Share this post